Evaluating Energy Release Measurement Techniques in Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway

Lithium-ion batteries have seen rapid adoption in applications spanning consumer electronics, personal mobility, transportation, and utility-scale energy storage over the last decade and more. However, safety concerns persist, particularly associated with thermal runaway, a phenomenon characterized by rapid energy release due to internal exothermic reactions, potentially leading to fire or explosions. As manufacturers strive to develop products that effectively manage these risks, understanding the energy released during a battery failure becomes a critical design parameter.

In this study, we compare three commonly used measurement techniques for approximating the energy released during thermal runaway: fractional thermal runaway calorimetry (FTRC), accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), and sensible heat changes within cells during external heating or nail penetration. Our results collected over a range of cell charge capacities provide insights into the applicability of the different methods for capturing total energy release and energy release dynamics. This study aims to equip designers with the knowledge to make better-informed decisions regarding product choices that depend on an understanding of these parameters.