Titanium Dental Implant with Nanotopography

Nanotopography modifications are commonly described both as (1) nanoroughness and (2) nanofeatures. It is important to understand that the overall surface roughness of the sample will be modified when features are added to the surface i.e., by adding nanofeatures, the surface roughness will be modified as well. Moreover, the nanorough material will also possess nanofeatures; however, the modifications commonly used to produce the so-called nanorough materials (acid etching, for example) did not intentionally produce such nanofeatures and from the usual surface roughness parameters alone in use, is not possible to evaluate the dimension of each individual feature at the surface. The osteoblast adhesion was greater on the discs that exhibited increased nanoroughness, independently of the surface chemistry. Surface porosity was higher and pore diameter decreased in discs with increased nanoroughness. Protein adsorption revealed greater amount of vitronectin associated to increase osteoblast adhesion on the rougher discs. Electropolished implants showed decrease bone formation compared to the rougher implants. Higher bone formation to implants with increased surface roughness (anodized) values compared to the smooth implants (electropolished) was observed.