H. Meier, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; A. J. Czechowicz, S. Langbein, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are thermally activated smart materials. Due to their ability to change into a previously imprinted actual shape through the means of thermal activation, they are suitable as actuators for microsystems and, within certain limitations, macroscopic systems. To apply these smart materials to a wide range of industrial applications, a simple method for controlling the actuator effect is required. A commonly used shape memory actuator type is an alloy of Nickel and Titanium (NiTi), which starts to transform its inner phase from martensitic to austenitic structure at a certain austenite start temperature (AS). Retransformation starts at martensitic start temperature after passing through a hysteresis cycle. Today's control concepts for shape memory actuators, in applications as well as in test stands, are time-based. This often leads to overheating after transformation, thus causing a poor efficiency. Besides, the dynamic behaviour of such systems is impacted by unnecessary heating, resulting in a bad time performance. To minimize these effects, a controller system with resistance feedback is required to hold energy on specific keypoints in the functional actuating curves. These two key points are: short before transformation (AS) and short before retransformation (MS). This allows triggering of fast and energy efficient transformation cycles. The experimental results and a mechatronical demonstrator-system show the advantages of this system concerning efficiency, cycle times and fatigue independency of this method.
Summary: The problems of overheating, energy inefficiency and poor systems' dynamics of shape memory actuators cause severe problems regarding the utilisation in automotive and mechatronical applications. New smart control systems with resistance feedback allow to reduce these complications.