G. R. Holcomb, D. E. Alman, Albany Reserch Center, Albany, OR
Chromium is used as an alloy addition in stainless steels and nickel-chromium alloys to form protective chromium oxide scales. Chromium oxide undergoes reactive evaporation in high temperature exposures in the presence of oxygen and/or water vapor. The deposition of gaseous chromium species onto solid oxide fuel cell electrodes can reduce the efficiency of the fuel cell. Manganese additions to the alloy can reduce the activity of chromium in the oxide, either from solid solution replacement of chromium with manganese (at low levels of manganese) or from the formation of manganese-chromium spinels (at high levels of manganese). This reduction in chromium activity leads to a predicted reduction in chromium evaporation by as much as a factor of 34 at 800°C and 53 at 700°C. The results of evaporation loss measurements on nickel-chromium-manganese alloys will be compared with the predicted reduction. Quantifying the effects of manganese additions on chromium evaporation should aid alloy development for metallic interconnects and balance-of-plant alloys.
Summary: Chromium oxide undergoes evaporation at high temperatures. Manganese additions to the alloy are predicted to reduce chromium evaporation by as much as a factor of 34 at 800°C and 53 at 700°C. Results of evaporation loss measurements on nickel-chromium-manganese alloys are compared with the predicted reduction.